Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 940 Words

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others. It is a complex, long-term medical illness, affecting about 1% of Americans (NAMI). Schizophrenia has many causes, symptoms, and treatments and affects a wide variety of people. While it may be hard to diagnose the cases that are can receive treatment to help with their worst symptoms. Some symptoms of Schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, thought disorders, movement disorders, positive symptoms and cognitive issues. These many issues can affect the patient in many ways such as with hallucinations, most of the hallucinations that are told of are hearing voices, the National Institute of Mental Health states, Hallucinations are things a person sees, hears, smells, or feels that no one else can see, hear, smell, or feel. Voices are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia. Many people with the disorder hear voices. The voices may talk to the person about his or her behavior, order the person to do things, or warn the person of danger. Sometimes the voices talk to each other. People with schizophrenia may hear voices for a long time before family and friends notice the problem (NIMH). While hallucinations are only a fraction of the problem they are one of the main symptoms associated with Schizophrenia disorder. Another big symptom includes delusions. Delusions can range fromShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1176 Words   |  5 Pages Symptoms The symptoms of schizophrenia are wide and varied, typically falling into three main categories, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Each of these symptom types affect the patient in different ways, and in different degrees of severity. The symptoms may range from mildly irritating, to severe and debilitating. Positive symptoms are behaviors not normally seen in healthy people. Negative symptoms are behaviors that are usually exhibited in healthy people but areRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1671 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia is defined many ways, but each definition of this disorder is correct. No two individuals will have the exact same symptoms of schizophrenia. The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek words that mean â€Å"split mind†. This disorder can lead to many other problems throughout a person’s lifetime. There are many different symptoms that can help with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but each of the sym ptoms can also be contributed to other disorders. The symptoms of schizophrenia appearRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia904 Words   |  4 Pagessigns symptoms observed. Some of the disorders are caused by different factors and reveal divergent signs and symptoms which are depended on the field of the body infected. This paper purposes at critically evaluating and analyzing psychological disorder referred to as schizophrenia by demonstrating its symptoms and their occurrences. It will discuss the causes of this type of psychological disorder and possible diagnostic together treatments mechanisms of this kind of disease. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1077 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenias is a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices (APA,2015). I choose to touch on the topic of schizophrenia because I always been interested the topic itself. The one thing I wondered is if there are different stages of schizophrenia and why it may be hard to diagnose. Schizophrenia is a mental disease that’s very hard to pinpoint in a person, whichRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia Symptoms. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder which is characterized by an inability to distinguish what is real and subsequent abnormal behavior. Literally translating from the Greek skhizein and phrÄ“n meaning ‘split-mind’, schizophrenia is characterized by both positive symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and also negative symptoms, e.g. apathy, Anhedonia, and deficits in executive functioning. The Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1153 Words   |  5 Pages 1 / 3 Cindy Tien 3-18-15 Per.6 Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Can you imagine living day by day having to hear and see things that nobody else could? You feel alone, lost and different amongst other normal people. Believe it or not, approximately twenty five million people in America have been impacted by this disease called schizophrenia. What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is mental disorder distinguished by disturbances within thought patterns, attention, and emotions. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia Over 2 million Americans suffer with schizophrenia each day. A vast majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech. Hallucinations are sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation; therefore, people with schizophrenia may see people or things that are not really there and may even hold conversions or have relationships with these â€Å"people†. Delusions are false beliefs about reality. Someone withRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health professionals, Jaime was confirmed to have paranoid schizophrenia. Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people whoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1049 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Schizophrenia Madison M. Sulak Dr. Linstrum PSYCH 2301 East Texas Baptist University Fall 2015 Pg. 1 A brain disorder can be triggered by multiple different things such as a stroke, abnormal growths, any type of viral infection, or cancer. There are countless types of brain disorders that people are diagnosed with daily. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is very complex and â€Å"startling disorder characterized by a broad range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions† (Barlow Durand, 2015, p. 477). It can greatly impact a person’s life in a negative manner: affecting physical, emotional, relational, and occupational health. The National Institute of Mental Health defines schizophrenia as a â€Å"chronic and severe disorder that affects how a person, think, feels, and acts† (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d., para. 1).

Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay - Overcoming Adversity

Coming of Age in Mississippi: The Struggle against Adversity â€Å"No one’s life is a smooth sail; we all come into stormy weather.† This statement has more truth to it than one may think. In life, everybody reaches a rough point, a point where the light at the end of the tunnel seems dim, or even nonexistent. But overcoming this adversity is what builds character. Accepting and prevailing over life’s obstacles are what separate strong, independent-minded and forward-thinking people from those who give up and avoid their problems. Anne Moody, author of Coming of Age in Mississippi, lived a life of great struggle in which she overcame adversity with great efforts and a dedicated heart and mind. As an African-American female, Anne Moody had†¦show more content†¦Disgusted, she and her classmates stormed into the kitchen to find an explanation for the repulsive experience. She â€Å"knew exactly where the grits were kept from the time I had worked in the ki tchen. I went straight to the pantry and saw that there was a big leak from the showers upstairs. The water was seeping right down onto the shelves† (Moody 256). Anne and her classmates boycotted the campus cafeteria and its food, refusing to yield until some sanitary fixes were implemented. The challenge here was finding other ways to stay fed. The students did not have enough money to last them more than a week or so, so eventually they all started back, one by one, to the cafeteria and its semi-sanitary food. Still repulsed, Anne refused to go back and began losing a lot of weight. She became so thin and hungry all the time that she resorted to writing her mother who brought her enough canned food to last the remainder of the semester. The challenge in staying fed with healthy, sanitary food was one which presented itself on a large scale for Anne at college and otherwise. Had she been unable to obtain food from her family, she may have starved to the point of fainting or e ven death. Overcoming this challenge was just about a matter of life or death for Anne. One of Anne’s most prominent memories and experiences in her early life was during her college career when she participated in a sit-in in Woolworth. The idea of the sit-in was to sit calmly at a whiteShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSkills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"MostRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesexample, building a road 30 years ago was a somewhat simple process. Today, each area has increased in complexity, including materials, specifications, codes, aesthetics, equipment, and required specialists. Similarly, in today’s digital, electronic age it is becoming hard to find a new product that does not contain at least one microchip. Product complexity has increased the need to integrate divergent technologies. Project management has emerged as an important discipline for achieving this task

Discovering Myself free essay sample

As the students’ sneakers scuff against the gymnasium floor, my heart thumps as a candidate on my right hums annoyingly to herself. Senate election speeches. Clusters of friends embrace with hugs and waves. At this moment, I wish for my friends to spoon feed me words of encouragement. I can do this. I am ready. The current president rocks back and forth on the soles of his shoes, behind the podium, as he waits for students to find seats. Sweat droplets stream from my forehead as I swipe them away quickly with my wrist. The president speaks, saying â€Å"Good morning†. Introductions begin and my turn arrives. I rise from my seat, fingers and knee caps shaking. The paper finds its position on the podium and I raise my head, scanning the crowd. A breath inhales in my lungs and words escape from my mouth. â€Å"Good morning classmates,† I say to their day dreaming eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Discovering Myself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I keep myself entertaining and smile mid-sentences. Time seems to slow, yet the fear keeps me driven. I hear the applause of my classmates, knowing I have succeeded. Days pass and the website reveals the familiar words: â€Å"Polls still being counted.† But then, the positions are released to the student body. That day, I slam the backdoor of my house open without regrets and turn the corner up the stairs with my car keys in my mouth. I frantically boot the oh so slow laptop on my desk and type the address of the website. I scroll down to secretary and see â€Å"Kailey Recknagel.† I sit and wait for the tears to come streaming down my face, but instead, laughter comes over me. Loss isn’t what it’s made out to be. Though people may look at themselves as failures, the list of options is longer than they might think. Having an intense competition is better than being afraid to enter the contest. Being graceful in defeat is better than never learning to be gr acious. I found that I was glad for my friend and not unhappy with myself.

The Rosenbergs Essay Example For Students

The Rosenbergs Essay The history of the United States is full of unsolved mysteries. One of the greatestmysteries which occurred in 1953 was the electrocution of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg under the Espionage Act. They were convicted for giving the secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The anti-communist sentiment that characterized the Cold War and McCarthyism led to their trial and execution. Even though there is some evidence of the Rosenbergs guilt, numerous facts which were discovered after the death of Ethel and Julius argue more convincingly that they were innocent victims of Cold War hysteria. the United States almost as soon as Nazi Germany was defeated in 1945.(Larsen,24) Before the elections in 1946, the U.S.Chamber of Commerce published a pamphlet which had a title Communist Infiltration in the United States: Its Nature and How to Combat It. This pamphlet was suppose to show that the New Deal programs of Franklin Roosevelt initiated the beginning of communism in the United States. Before World War II, the Communist Party was considered legal. However, starting in 1950, people could be prosecuted if they were members of the Party. (Larsen,24)The Cold War started to develop between the United States and the Soviet Union in the middle of the twentieth century. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, became the main anti-communistic figure in U.S. government. On February 9,1950 he said that Communism not only threatened capitalism but that Russia was a moral enemy of the United States. (Moss,Wilson,220) He organized HUAC, The House Un-American Activities Committee. McCarthy held hear ings where he asked people whether they have ever participated in communist activities. The ones who answered yes were blacklisted and could not find jobs. People who came before the committee also had an option to take the Fifth. The Fifth Amendment gave people the right against self-incrimination, meaning that they did not have to testify or give evidence against themselves. However, most of the people who took the fifth, were under suspicion. The red scare hysteria grew.(Larsen,25) The Internal Security Act of 1950 made not only political actions illegal but also political beliefs. The word communist became synonymous with the word Russian spy. ( Larsen, 24-27) McCarthy and FBI director J. Edgar Hoover were convinced that the communist spies in the U.S. were selling the secrets of nuclear weapons to the Soviet Union. They arrested many people including Klaus Fuchs who was a member of the Manhattan Project and who was selling information about the atomic bomb to Moscow. McCarthy a nd Hoover began a massive witch-hunt, which led to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. (Moss,220-222)On July 17, 1950 Julius Rosenberg was arrested for spying and giving secretsabout the atomic bomb to Russia. On August 11,1950 his wife Ethel Rosenberg was arrested on the charge of aiding her husband in spy activities.(Moss, 225) On Friday, June 19, 1953 Ethel and Julius were electrocuted in New York States Sing Sing Prison. Their sons, Michael who was ten and Robert who was six were sent to foster homes and later were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol in 1957.(Moss, 224) How did the FBI find out that the Rosenbergs were spying and how did the investigation begin?The investigation began when the FBI found a name, Klaus Fuchs, written in a notebook of a Russian spy. Dr. Fuchs had worked on Manhattan Project (the secret name for the project which worked on the development of the atomic bomb) from 1943 to 1946. When Dr. Fuchs was arrested, he confessed that he was giving the information about the bomb to the Soviet Union. However, Fuchs was not the only one. Harry Gold who was a Philadelphia biochemist said that he was told by his Soviet contact Yakovlev to meet Fuchs in Santa Fe New Mexico on June 2, 1945, where Fuchs would give him scientific information which included data about implosion lens.(Larsen, 29) Afterwards, Gold was sent from Santa Fe to Albuquerque. Yakovlev supposedly gave him a password- I come from Julius and the name and address of a person with whom he was suppose to meet. He also gave Gold a section from a Jello-O box. This section was supposed to match other sections from the Jell-O box which a person in Albuquerque had, and make up a password. As it turned out, when Gold testified for the FBI, the person with whom he met and who gave him the drawings of the lens, was a machinist at Los Alamos- David Greenglass. In June of 1945 Gold finished the whole operation. He gave the material which he received from Fuchs and Greenglass to Yakovlev. David Gree nglass was identified as Ethel Rosenbergs brother. He confessed that he was a spy and that Julius was a leader of the spy ring. However, the list of those accused of spying was not finished yet. The FBI had an interview with Max Elitcher, who was an engineer in the navy. His best friend was a scientist whose name was Morton Sobell. Elitcher said that Julius told him that Sobell was among the others who gave the information about the bomb to Russians. (Larsen, 29-31)On April 5, 1951 the court pronounced its final decisions. David Greenglasswas sentenced to 15 years in prison. His wife Ruth was freed. Gold and Sobell were sentenced to 30 years in prison. Julius and his wife Ethel were sentenced to death. Forty-five years have passed since the electrocution of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, however questions about their case still nag the American psyche. Were the Rosenbergs really guilty of spying for the Soviet Union, providing a Cold War enemy with the secrets of the atomic bomb? Or w ere they convenient victims of Americas anti-communist hysteria, or anti-Semitism, or both?(Pizzo). .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .postImageUrl , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:hover , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:visited , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:active { border:0!important; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:active , .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51 .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u471e4f6804ddef29f0a5c3aefd3b6c51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Smoking is the most important single preventable c Essay We will write a custom essay on The Rosenbergs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Security Council released the Venona files. Those files were encoded KGB files which contained secret Soviet codes. The Venona files provided much evidence that showed that Julius and Ethel Rosenberg participated in a Soviet espionage operation. Feklisov, a former KGB officer, said that he recruited Julius Rosenberg to spy for the Soviet Union in 1943, that he had fifty meetings with Rosenberg, that Rosenberg gave him valuable military information, and that Ethel Rosenberg was aware of her husbands spying but did not participate in intelligence work. (Radosh, Final Verdict) Feklisov also said that Rosenberg stole the plans for a friend and foe device from Emerson Corporation. This device distinguished allied aircraft from enemy aircraft. Julius also stole the proximity fuse. Feklisov testified that a proximity fuse increases the possibility to shoot down enemy planes may be ten.twenty times and that it was used to shoot down the U-2, which put the end to the 1960 summit conference be tween Eisenhower and Khrushchev.(Radosh, Final Verdict) There is also evidence that Jerome Eugene Tartakow, who was an FBI informer and who shared cell with Julius said that Julius told him that he gave secret information to a Russian named Alex. As it turned out, Alex Fomin was a code name which Feklisov used. (Radosh, Final Verdict) A very important piece of information which proves Rosenbergs guilt came from Soviet leader Khrushchev. He said that : The Rosenbergs are people sympathetic to our ideals who did what they could to help the Soviet Union acquire the atom bomb. (Radosh, The Rosenberg File,453) Khrushchev said that he heard from both Stalin and Molotov that The Rosenbergs provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atom bomb.(Radosh, Proof that Rosenbergs Spied) Even though this evidence mentioned afore seems to prove the Rosenbergs guilt, this evidence is not sufficient. It is illegitimate to believe what other people said about the Rosenbergs a nd draw conclusions from their statements. Much more evidence exists that proves their innocence and that shows that the Rosenbergs deaths remain a blot on American conscience. (Radosh, The Rosenberg File, 453)All the evidence clearly shows that Ethel Rosenberg was not guilty of spying. Ethel was arrested only for one reason: so that she would pressure her husband into telling the names of the other spies who were involved in giving the secret information. As written above, even Feklisov said that Ethel did not participate in her husbands political activities. When Feklisov testified that the Rosenbergs were involved in spying activities, he did not present any documents from the KGB archives. Some documents say that because the state of the Russian pension was awful after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Feklisov could have said anything in exchange for American dollars. (Radosh, Final Verdict) During the release of Venona documents, Rosenbergs sons Robert and Michael said that th ey personally read the documents and that the name of their mother was barely mentioned in them. (Meeropol) There is information which says that the law under which the Rosenbergs were tried, only allowed capital punishment for wartime espionage. The law did not allow the execution of people who spied for the United States wartime allies. A lawyer and civil libertarian Zechariah Chafee wrote to Judge Jerome Frank that: It is absurd to punish the betrayal of Russia in 1944, 1945 with death, when a similar betrayal today, which would be far more injurious to the U.S., would be punished only with life imprisonment.(Radosh, The Rosenberg File,452) There are facts that show that Judge Kaufman was involved in illegal activities. Kaufman discussed the Rosenbergs sentence with the Justice Department prosecution staff before the trial. One of the members of prosecution staff told the FBI that he knew the judge would impose the death penalty if the Rosenbergs were convincted. (Radosh,The Rose nberg File, 428) It is also evident that Judge Kaufman condemned the Rosenbergs to death not because they were spying, but because they were communists who had started the Korean War. Kaufman said: I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding fifty thousand and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason.( Tornburn)People are still confused as to why David Greenglass testified against his brother-in -law even though during the court hearings he said that Julius was his hero.(Radosh,The Rosenbeg File, 195) Many facts point to the conclusion that David Greenglass was angry over the family business and he wanted to get Julius and Ethel for it. David Greenglasss ability-or lack of it-was a major reason the business was failing. Custome rs reject bad work. Davids work was bad.(Larsen,37-38)Scientific evidence exists that shows that the Rosenbergs were not guilty of giving information about the bomb. Even if they did give information it was useless. Nobel prize winning physicist Harold C. Urey sent a telegram to the President Eisenhower a couple of days before the Rosenbergs execution in which he wrote that an army mechanic like David Greenglass was wholly incapable of transmitting the physics, chemistry and mathematics of the bomb to anyone.( Radosh,The Rosenberg File, 433) When Philip Morrison, who was a major Los Almos physicist, looked at Greenglasss sketches of the cross section of the bomb, he said that they demonstrate a lack of comprehension and that they do not give any correct quantitative information.( Radosh,The Rosenberg File,432-33) In 1945, the Official Report of the United States Government on Atomic Energy Development for Military Purposes was published. The book was derived from the report which wa s called Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. The Soviet Union received 30,000 copies of the book. It is said that professional, trained scientists could clearly understand what the structure of the bomb was. The Rosenbergs did not really give Russia any unknown secrets (Larsen,38). .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .postImageUrl , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:hover , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:visited , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:active { border:0!important; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:active , .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucab14d0f9a2c2a1885e9f241127e1ffd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder EssayIn 1965 there was another discovery which proved the Rosenbergs innocence. Miriam and Walter Schneir wrote a book about their studies of tapes which included Golds statements to his lawyer. In those tapes Gold never said anything about Jell-O box and he said that the password was Benny sent me instead of I come from Julius(Larsen,37). The unfair execution of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg had a significant effect on U.S. society. The execution affected their sons Robert and Michael Meeropol. In 1990, Robert organized The Rosenberg Fund for Children. The purpose of the fund is to help children whose parents have been executed because of their participation in the struggle against war, for Justice of native Americans, in environmental activism and other progressive causes. (Searle) Organizers of the fund try to make a million of dollars every year. (Searle)The book The Rosenbergs also shows that the Rosebergs affected art, prose, poetry and plays. It focuses on the art work of Picasso, Leger, Alice Neel as well as the work of Robert Amerson, Rudolph Baranik, and Sue Coe. Famous fiction, poetry and plays by Adrienne Rich , Robert Coover and Allen Ginsberg, underscore the hold the case has had on the literary imagination. (Okun,161)The execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on June 19, 1953 for giving secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, will stay in the hearts of both nations, the Soviet Union and the United States. History cannot be turned forty five years back, but most of the evidence proves that Julius and Ethel were innocent victims of the Cold War hysteria. Larsen, Anita. The Rosenbergs. New York:Crestwood House, 1992. Meeropol, Robert and Michael. Michael Meeropol Statement on Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.1995. http://www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/meeropol/-on-rosenbergs.html (15 Jan. 1998). Moss, Joyce. George Wilson. Profiles in American History. Ed. Carol DeKane Nagel. Vol.7. Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1995. Okun, Rob A., ed.The Rosenbergs. New YorkUniverse Books, 1988. Pizzo, Stephen. The Rosenberg Communiques. 1997. http://webreview.com/news/natl/rosenberg/index.html (15 Jan.1998.) Radosh, Ronald. Final Verdict. The New Republic 7 April 1997:12 Radosh, Ronald. Proof the Rosenbergs spied. The New Republic 22 October 1990:9. Radosh, Ronald, and Joyce Milton. The Rosenberg File. New York: Holt,Rinehard and Winston, 1983. Sarle, Betty. The Rosenberg Fund for Children. Social AlternativesOct.1993 :43. Tornburn, David. The Rosenberg Letters. 1997. http://www.-polisci.mit.edu/bostonreview.html (15 Jan. 1998.)Words/ Pages : 2,345 / 24

20 Topics Contemporary Issues in U.S. Education for an Informative Speech

20 Topics Contemporary Issues in U.S. Education for an Informative Speech Despite being one of world’s foremost literate country, contemporary issues still plague the U.S. education system. If you are currently studying these or informative speeches as part of your curriculum, your instructor will get you to write an assignment on one of the issues at hand. If you do not have the time to begin in-depth research, you can take your pick from the 20 topics listed below. The Loopholes and Inconsistencies in the Common Core State Standards The Positive Impact of the Common Core State Standards in 42 States How the No Child Left Behind Act Failed Students, Educators and Schools Transparency and Accountability of Teacher Assessment Under the NCLB act Systematic Budget Cuts of The US Educational System. The Inefficiency in Educational System Resource Management Over the Last Decade The Economical and Educational Risk Factors of School Violence How to Reduce, Prevent and Control Violence in School The Realities English as a Secondary Language Students Face in the Current Education System How to Integrate ESL Learners in the School Environment Effectively Understanding the Needs of Gifted Students Defining the Factors Necessary for Creating an Effective Educational Program for Gifted Students The Realities of Gender Bias in Today’s American Schools An Objective Look at the Current Gender Based Policies Made for Schools An Assessment of the Efficiency of the High Stakes Test for Evaluating Teachers The Effects of Politics and Elections on the US Educational System Incentivizing School Teachers to Motivate Them Towards Better Education and Classroom Environments How to Attract Fresh Graduates to Take Up Teaching as a Long-Term Profession The Effects of Students’ Environments at Home and School on their Learning Patterns The Feasibility of Designing Education Systems per State Based on Their Demographics If you need more help with any of these topics, you can check out our 10 facts on contemporary issues in U.S. education for an informative speech for guidance and inspiration. However, if you need help writing an informative speech, you should check out our how to write an informative speech about education guide for help and valuable tips. To give you an idea of how to write an informative speech on a contemporary issue in the U.S. Education system, here is a quick sample for your review. Sample Informative Speech: How to Reduce, Prevent and Control Violence in School School violence is one of the biggest contemporary issues within the U.S. Educational system. However, teachers, parents, community members and even students can work together to make sure that there is no violence altogether. It is important that they all collaborate as there is not only one factor that triggers violent tendencies. Violent actions should be stopped before they happen because controlling them afterwards can become messier. There have been instances where students have carried weapons in schools and went undetected by metal detectors and security measures. This proves that weapons can make their way to campus easily. Therefore, it is time to demotivate students from becoming violent while providing safety guarantees for others before they begin fearing coming to school. There are various alternate solutions provided by Public Health that have more effective results. For starters, students should be encouraged to join extracurricular activities that can assist them to solve their personal issues in a healthier way rather than becoming violent. School based violence prevention programs can help reduce the aggressive behavior amongst students. These prevention programs must teach students about controlling their emotions, self-awareness, self-esteem, teamwork, how to behave in a society, and conflict resolution. However, it is equally important to prepare and inform students about what to do when a violent altercation occurs between peers. Another reality schools need to face is that violent physical episodes cannot just happen between students. There have been instances where school administrations have winded up getting physically hurt as well. Therefore, school-based prevention programs should not just be subliminal. Students should be bluntly told how a small fight can lead to permanent injuries and even deaths. Teachers play an active role in the fulfillment of these awareness and prevention programs. By building healthy and friendly relationships with their students, teachers can listen to children’s struggles outside of the school and be their pillar of support. This way, violent attitude and behaviors have less room to grow. A responsible teacher who listens to his or her students cannot only make the student’s life easier, but also improve the classroom environment, reduce conflicts, and prevent fights from happening in the school premises. There should be an open channel relationship between the parent and the teacher. If both of them are in sync, they can align their strategies if the child has been showing aggressive tendencies. Both teachers and parents need to assume responsibility if the other is showing negligence. As some parents might find it offensive if they are told that they are not being responsible enough, having monthly workshops about the role of parents in reducing children’s stress for the parents generally can be a better solution. The school itself should be physically altered so that there is accountability at all times. This type of security should be obscured because the idea is to teach the children to be nonviolent, not force them to. The staff should also be told to keep a lookout for altercations, hidden cameras should be placed, and the hedges in the play area should be kept to waist height. You can definitely come up with a better speech if you put your heart into it, so get going and begin informative speech writing right away. References: Hankin A, Hertz M, Simon T. Impacts of metal detector use in schools: insights from 15 years of research. Journal of School Health 2011;81 100-106. Levine, M. D. (1994). Educational care: A system for understanding and helping children with learning problems at home and in school. Cambridge, MA: Educators Pub. Service. High Stakes Testing Pros and Cons. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2016, from education.com/magazine/article/high-stakes-testing-pros-cons/ Weishaar, M. K. (2007). Case studies in special education law: No Child Left Behind Act and Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Berger, E. H., Riojas-Cortez, M. (n.d.). Parents as partners in education: Families and schools working together. Khalsa, S. S. (2007). Break the bully cycle: Intervention techniques activities to create a respectful school community. Tucson, AZ: Good Year Books. Schneider, M. (n.d.). Introduction to public health.

Heroes And Hooligans Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism

Heroes And Hooligans Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism Heroes And Hooligans Cruel kings, dangerous monsters, and vicious villains are the reasons we need heroes for. Heroes are the ones people root for and believe in. They are the ones who will save people from total annihilation by the evil threatening to eradicate them. People call and depend on heroes to save them when in need. No matter what society or how long ago you lived everyone had a hero to count on and give them hope. Heroes are smart and guide people along their lives and help friends in need. A great example of a hero is Beowulf. Beowulf was a hero in the times of the Angles-Saxons. The story of Beowulf is still told today because he was such a great hero. He is very brave and noble, like before he fights the evil dragon he says, When he comes to me I mean to stand, not run from his shooting flames, stand till fate decides which one of us wins. My heart is firm, my hands calm. I need no hot words. (anonymous, 674) Beowulf was also a great hero because he was always confident like when he was going to fight the dragon, Then Beowulf rose, still brave, still strong and with his shiel at his side, and mail-shirt on his breast, strode calmly, confidently, toward the tower(anonymous, 689) Beowulf was loyal to the king and his people, the Geats, could trust Beowulf to be honest and trust him to get the job done. After Beowulf eradicated the loathsome, grotesque, and sinister Grendel he left his arm dangling from the ceiling of Herot No Dane doubted the victory. (anonymous, 514) and greatly appreciated Beowulf. All t his shows Beowulf is a majestic hero. Modern Day heroes are different from heroes of the days of yore. People and times have changed. We no longer need a hero to fight the evil that runs rampant. Celebrities are looked up to now more than superheroes. We now idolize people who have the same interest as we do. Our heroes now are people we look up to and dream of being. Rick McCrank is a modern day hero. He is always progressing and speeding up the progression of skating. He is worldly known for his pure skill on a skateboard. Kids of the future look up to him as an idol and something to strive to be. Like professional skateboarder, Moses Itkonen said, when Rick skates people dont even cheer him, they laugh, because he has so much skill. McCrank is constantly taking skating to the next level. Rick McCrank is a modern day hero that we look up to and strive to be like. People, like him, push people to make the most out of themselves and to have something to strive for. No matter how different they are from one another, a hero is still a hero. Without heroes we would never have hop and the willpower to survive. Heroes are looked upon for inspiration and guidance. Heroes have to relate to people. They have to have the same frame of mind. If people cannot relate to a hero they will not be stoked on him and he will not be a hero to those people. Whether the hero goes on perilous journeys, fighting monsters, or the guy who won the best trick contest, he will be a hero and will be remembered for years to come.

Virgil Aeneid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virgil Aeneid - Essay Example In the following arguments we observe climatic argumentation: â€Å"Achaeans must be hiding in this timber, or it was built to butt against our walls, peer over them into our houses, pelt the city from the sky. Some crookedness is in this thing. I have no faith in the horse! Whatever it is, even when Greeks bring gifts I fear them, gifts and all†. The speaker uses parallel constructions which are arranged in the enumeration pattern (‘to butt against our walls’, â€Å"peer over them into our houses†, â€Å"pelt the city from the sky†) which makes the sentence very dynamic and powerful. The next sentences are short and concise and it adds to the dynamism created by the previous sentence. The rhetoric question and the following argumentation stand in ‘question-answer’ relation, though it’s not so obvious as rhetoric question do not require answers. We come to the conclusion that the rhetoric technique used is the hypophora. The author catches attention of the listeners with powerful rhetoric questions and proceeds with reasoning which is indirect answer to the questions. The answer is detailed and lengthy. The attractiveness of the hypophora is in its ability to catch the attention of the listener. The orator asks question which listeners are curious about but feel difficulty in clear articulation of the answers. The listeners want the orator to formulate the answer to the question of interests. What the author achieves with the use of the hypophora is catching listeners’ attention at once and making the listeners’ reason along with reasoning of the author. The use of this rhetoric device makes the listeners to think and make conclusion along with the author. The hypophora is a useful tool in the situation when it’s important to persuade people in the rightness of the author’s opinion but when the majority stands on the opposite. The speaker does not impose his view rather he brings the listeners’ to

Business Memo (AVID) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Memo (AVID) - Essay Example This report analyzes the strategic position of the company, the external environment and the financial performance of company based on its financial statements during the years 1999 and 2000. The first big strategic decision the company made was in 1993 when the firm launched its initial public offering (IPO) to become a publicly traded company and raised $53 million. His capital was utilized to spur the firm’s future growth. The three markets Avid serves are: Media composer was the initial product helped the company become such a popular firm in the industry. As the company matured it realized it needed help from other firms in order to developed new products. They entered into a series of strategic alliance with different companies. Avid System became a mid-size company. In this industry they were at a competitive disadvantage with larger firms such as Sony which had unlimited resources. Avid as a pioneer in the industry pushed for open standards for the participants in the digital industry. The company with the help of 150 other firms in the industry created the Open Media Framework standard. The creation of an open standard indirectly hurt the company because lost its edge of having a unique product in the industry. Avid in the early 1990’s utilized a Mac platform for its software. The company noticed that Apple was not doing to well in the computer industry and it felt continuing operating under a Mac platform was risky. In 1997 the company entered into a strategic alliance with Intel in order to convert its software into Windows based platform. The company gave up 6.75% of its common stock in exchange for Intel’s expertise. In 1993 the company entered into an alliance with Lucas film in order to develop special effects products. The firm entered into a partnership in 1994 with Tsushnki Company to develop the world first full motion digital camera. A huge transaction for the company was the

Inspirational Leaders Essay Example for Free

Inspirational Leaders Essay In 1994, the internet was fresh in the market, and it did not incorporate commerce in its operations. As a result, he saw an opportunity for a new business network, and after doing research, he made a decision of creating a space in the internet where books could be viewed by the public. This led to the creation of Amazon in 1995. Today, Amazon is widely successful and has had a great impact on the organizational culture of internet business. Jeff Bezos is considered to be the founder of e-commerce, remains a pioneer in the industry (Inc, 2009). This paper will discuss how the culture of Amazon has changed as a result of Jeff Bezos presence; today, among many things, the public can view full book lists on Amazon, a mission that was impossible before the early 1990s. Organizational Culture Organizational culture can be related to how an organization organizes itself based on its rules and beliefs; therefore, culture gives an organization an identity. The behavioral patterns of an organization are represented in their norms; according to Kratschmer (2011, p. 2), organizational culture includes values that are shared among the members of an organization. Needless to say, organizational culture can be changed. Kratschmer (2011, p. 3) adds that, organizational culture can be changed and lead to success, only if well managed. In addition, resistance to change is expected in any organization mainly because the employees are already attached to the existing culture; hence, they may resist change for fear of the unknown. Needless to say, changes in organizational culture can be of great benefit, for instance, it may contribute to new knowledge and skills for the employees, and productivity is achieved through motivating employees. Finally, as employees adapt to change, flexibility is achieved, which leads to improvement. However, for organizational culture to be successful, effective leaders must be in place. Culture is very important, as it promotes healthy competition at the place of work, hence motivating employees to perform. A healthy culture promotes employees’ interaction at the place of work, therefore uniting them despite their different backgrounds. Providing employees with a favorable working place increases their productivity. Schein (2010, p. 80) adds that, the shared values and beliefs in an organization are important, as they determine how goals are met. Moreover, a strong culture retains talents, engages employees, creates energy, changes how work is viewed, and contributes towards cooperation at the place of work. Jeff Bezos is one of the few inspirational leaders who have contributed to change of culture in Amazon, leading to the success of the business. Amazon and change in organizational culture When Jeff Bezos discovered the potential of the internet in 1994, nothing held him back from introducing commerce in the system; he abandoned a well-paying job and concentrated on Amazon. Today, amazon. com is one of the internet giants, fostering online retail and an e-reader. Indeed, he is among the founders of e-commerce (Inc, 2009). Within 30 days, he had sold books in all the American states and in 45 countries, with sales worth $20,000 weekly. Since then, the growth of Amazon continuously accelerated, but it 1997, he announced that the company would be unprofitable for some time. However, in 2003, Amazon made its first annual profit, contributing to revenue of $4billion by 2008 (Inc, 2009). The company has embraced e-commerce, and Bezos’ will to start an online bookstore has yielded to a diverse selection of books. Today, he is the founder and chief executive officer of Amazon. com. According to Katzenbach (2008, p. 6), Jeff Bezos insists on fostering positive motivation, which does not involve money. Employees are likely to be motivated to performing their tasks if they are committed and disciplined. Ensuring that respect is fostered among employees will help in maintaining a positive working environment. Amazon. com recognizes employees’ effort by giving a specific employee an award on monthly basis for the capability of making significant savings. Amazon’s culture includes an informal, but effective environment, one that involves fun; this company is obsessed with customers. Therefore, it continuously improves its website and its systems with an aim of serving customers quickly and reliably. It also strives to maintain its culture, which includes talented personnel, who are creative and innovative in finding solutions to challenges (Lussier, 2011, p. 56). Therefore, it is evident that a strong culture is influenced by effective leadership. According to Dubrin (2011, p. 291), the strong organizational culture fosters quality, productivity and morale; such a culture values human dignity, and therefore, it fosters job satisfaction and increases employee motivation. Jeff Bezos has noted that a culture that involves experimentation is crucial in the continuously changing world. Invention may lead one to paths that are considered weird by the world (Dubrin, 2011, p. 291). Before the existence of Amazon, click shopping did not exist; these are some of the changes brought about by Amazon. The company also deals with online shopping for electronics, computers movies, games, music, as well as books. Amazon, being one of the web giants, implies that an effective leader must be diverse, being behind such a company that started very small and transformed into a giant. Bezos is regarded as visionary, but he is keen that his employees meet the demanding schedules; weekly management meetings are set with his managers. In addition, he encourages his employees to be innovative, and a reward program has been implemented that rewards innovative employees (Zakomurnaya, 2007). Moreover, the company hires intelligent and innovative personnel; indeed, Bezos would rather not hire anyone rather than hire the wrong person. Bezos is also approachable and easy -going, which makes him an effective leader. In 2007, Amazon introduced a hand-held electronic book reader, which uses E-ink to bring out a print-like appearance and has no strain on the eyes. In addition, the introduction of I-pad to the world was seen as direct competition for Amazon, therefore, Jeff introduced Kindle Fire, which shares many of the same features as I-pad, but is much cheaper. The Amazon kindle fire is an e-book reader, which is a small hand-held device; this is as a result of technological advances. Nevertheless, these e-book devices are expensive, but advantageous compared to paper copy; indeed, technology has changed in the digital reading world. Another advantage is that these e-readers can be borrowed from libraries. According to Mc Graw Hill (N. d, p. 3), kindle fire is competitive compared to other e-book readers. In 2007, Amazon. com created a successful e-bookstore that allowed client access from any computer or from e-book reader model. Amazon has therefore made book reading easier, and the kindle e-book can be referred to as published. Amazon. com offers a collection of above two million free e-books with titles; therefore, Amazon has succeeded in improving the digital world by providing e-book readers, which assist online clients in accessing digital e-books. For instance, the kindle e-Book reader has a rechargeable battery, which is built in and has a wide internal storage that can fit 1000 full-length books (Mc Graw Hill, N. d, p. 5). Another advantage of owning kindle fire e-book reader is that, the kindler-formatted e-books are easily accessed. In addition, kindle fire can be used as a form of an entertainment device, which allows one to surf the web, send, and receive emails, among other functions. Therefore, Amazon’s Kindle fire is a device of many functions, which is a competition for I-pad among other devices. Amazon prime is a membership program, which enables individuals to receive unlimited fast shipping. Members enjoy a variety of services, which include unlimited and instant streaming of above 10,000 movies and television shows. Amazon prime offers a wide variety of kindle books through the kindle lending library; members who own kindle devices benefit more from reading and borrowing books for free. In addition, members of Amazon prime enjoy free shipping for orders that are above $25, a relatively good deal for customers. Moreover, Amazon prime enables one to try free shipping for one month, and ensures that customers save by spending less, and save time by guaranteeing two day shipping. It also provides unlimited deliveries, hence guaranteeing convenience. Big online shoppers benefit the most, and this is because of the unlimited deliveries that guarantee quality of members’ money. With a range of affordable entertainment, free movies, free kindle e- books, and a two-day shipping for only $75, Amazon prime is a friendly program. Therefore, Jeff Bezos’ intervention has led to a variety of services and products that blow the clients’ minds away. It is this transformation from a small enterprise to an internet giant that has led to a change in culture at Amazon. Conclusion Jeff Bezos, the founder and the chief executive officer of Amazon. com is a visionary, and has contributed to the success of this company through motivating employees with rewards, as well as ensuring that customers’ demands are met. He is an inspiring leader, and despite the fact that he does not value communication, he believes in the â€Å"just-do-it† aspect that motivates employees to perform. Jeff is not limited to only e-books, he has also engages in online retailing of music, movies, clothes, and streaming television shows. The unveiling of kindle fire in 2007 is among his achievements; Amazon prime has also been a competitive advantage for the company and has attracted many members. A strong organization culture requires an effective leader; Amazon is one successful company that has been influenced by an inspirational leader. Indeed, Jeff has contributed to various changes in the organization, which have contributed to successful culture in the organization.

Building A Radio Empire :: essays research papers fc

"Media do not simply present cultural products for consumption; they provide much of the stuff of every day life through which we construct meaning and organize our existence."--Michael R. Real, Super Media DEFINING MOMENTS IN MASS MEDIA Newspapers. Media began with the written word . . . To date, the oldest existing written document dates back to 2200 B.C. By 500 B.C. Persia had developed a form of pony express and the Greeks had a  ¡Ã‚ §telegraph ¡Ã‚ ¨ system consisting of trumpets, drums, shouting, beacon fires, smoke signals, and mirrors; transmitting a form of communication to the masses. In 200 B.C. the Chinese circulated the first  ¡Ã‚ §newspaper, ¡Ã‚ ¨ the Tipao gazette, to government officials. Newsletters began circulating in Europe by 1450. Over 150 years later, in 1609, the first regularly published newspaper was circulated in Germany. Advertising began to shape the media industry by 1631 with the first classified ads featured in a French newspaper. And, in 1833 a New York newspaper was sold for one penny, enabling this media to reach a mass market. Radio. At first there was the print, and then there was sound . . . In 1821 an English man named Wheatstone reproduced sound. However, the future of radio didn ¡Ã‚ ¦t really begin until 1890 when Branly transmitted the first radio waves in France. In 1901 the American Marconi Company, the forerunner of RCA, sent radio signals across the Atlantic. And five years later,  ¡Ã‚ §a program of voice and music was broadcast in the United States. ¡Ã‚ ¨ In 1907 DeForest began a regular radio broadcast featuring music. In 1909 the first talk-radio format, covering women ¡Ã‚ ¦s suffrage, was broadcast. And in 1912, the United States Congress passed a law to regulate radio stations. In 1917 the first radio station, KDKA, was built; and in 1920 the first scheduled programs on KDKA were broadcast. The going rate for ten minutes of commercial airtime was $100. By 1924, the first sponsored radio program, The Eveready Hour, began. In that same year there were two and a half million radio sets in the United States. The 1930 ¡Ã‚ ¦s are characterized as the  ¡Ã‚ §Golden Age ¡Ã‚ ¨ of radio. In 1929 automobile manufacturers began installing radios in cars. In 1933 Armstrong discovered FM waves. And in 1934, the government passed the Communications Act, creating the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In that same year, half of all American homes had at least one radio set. In 1935 A.C.

Balance Based Literacy: Is it the Best Solution?

Literacy has become an important consideration in the field of education. To address literacy problems, educators (Strickland, n. d. ; Frey et al. , 2004) use the Balance Based Literacy Program, which specifically stresses the use of varied approaches to teaching literacy. According to California Department of Education (as cited in Frey et al. , 2004), the term balanced literacy originated in California in 1996. This was made into a curriculum in response to low reading scores of students on a national examination. It promotes the concept that reading and writing must go hand in hand to promote literacy.In contrast to using a specific approach to teaching literacy such as Phonics Approach or Whole Language Approach, Balance Based Literacy combines these approaches and more in order to ensure meeting the goal of literacy. Believing that every student has the capability to learn how to read and write, Balance Based Literacy allows students to achieve a certain literacy level through a combination of approaches relevant to their ability. The literacy model established with balance allows students to plan their own personal progress, and attempt new techniques in learning, with the support of teachers and resources.Based on Frey et al. (2004), many authors believe that combining a balance of teacher-directed instruction and student-centered activities is the most effective way of teaching literacy. In addition, Asselin, and Pearson (as cited in Frey) believe that Balance Based Literacy must include elements of community, authenticity, integration, optimism, modeling, and student control and connectedness. Activities incorporated in Balance Based Literacy include reading and writing aloud, shared reading and writing, guided reading and writing, and independent reading and writing. According to Mrs.Stewart’s Kindergarten Web site, one model of Balance Based Literacy being employed nowadays is the Literacy Collaborative Model. This comprehensive model is desig ned to provide a school-wide approach to improve reading and writing. This model includes a wide range of individual, small-group, and large-group reading and writing activities (Literacy Collaborative Web site). One component of Balance Based Literacy is Reading and Writing Aloud. In Reading Aloud, students learn the language through acquisition. It supports the idea that language is acquired, thus students are asked to read aloud a text to other students.By doing such, the read language registers in the mind of the students, making them learn the language. However, beyond the purpose of learning, the goals of Reading Aloud are to promote enjoyment and emphasize the uses of print (Mrs. Stewart’s Web site). It exposes the students to the uses of printed materials, and develops discussion skills by motivating them to ask questions during the activity. During Reading aloud, students do not need to view the read text. The focus is not on the content of the text, but what the stu dent reads or explains about the text.The selection for such activities may be fiction or nonfiction, or it can be a narrative, or a picture book Another component of Balance Based Literacy is Shared Reading. During Shared Reading, students reformulate ideas from the context. Either the teacher or a proficient student reader reads to the class, while the rest of the students are invited to join in the reading. One important component of shared reading is an enlarged text which is readable by all children. The text used may contain songs, poems, charts, or lists created by the teacher or developed with the class during shared writing activities.During the reading, the teacher or student reader points to or glides a locator on the reading material to guide the students in reading. This is to draw students’ attention to the print in order to promote familiarity with words in the text. Shared reading activities involve multiple readings of books over several days. During the init ial reading, the teacher emphasizes reading for enjoyment while subsequent readings are done to increase participation, and teach vocabulary, ideas, author’s style, and intonation patterns.Through repeated readings of a particular text, children become familiar with word forms and build up recognition of words and phrases used in the text (Bridge, Winograd, & Haley; Pikulski & Kellner, as cited in Frey et al. , 2004). The third reading component of Balance Based Literacy is Guided Reading. In this kind of activity, students are given more chances to express their ideas and feelings through inquiry. As such, it requires more student participation. In most cases, students are grouped together according to their level, and asked to read a text appropriate to their reading ability.In this case, the teacher needs to carefully identify each student’s level to ensure proper assessment. The fourth reading component is Independent Reading. This activity allows the student to ch oose from a wide variety of texts. It aims to make students become confident, motivated and enthusiastic about their ability to read. Considered as an advanced approach to reading, this activity makes use of skills learned during the Reading Aloud, Shared Reading, and Guided Reading activities. The writing components of Balance Based Literacy also ensure variety in the application of approaches and resources.One component is the Shared Writing activity. In this activity, the teacher and the students together decide to write a text in which the teacher acts as the scribe. The activity requires discussion of what they are writing about, and modeling of the teacher on the board how the text should be written. The students are asked to verbally interact with the teacher before, during, and after the activity to help make connections. The second writing component is the Interactive Writing activity. In this activity, either the teacher and the class, or students in groups collaborate to write a material.The students articulate the words or sounds that they are about to write, and discuss with the teacher or group mates what they are writing about. The third component is the Guided Writing or Writing Workshop. This intends to allow students to spend time daily to write about things that interest them. Students are guided to experiment with a variety of genres. The ultimate goal is for students to develop a style of their own, and apply previous learning. In addition to the writing activity itself, the teacher offers a whole class session, small group lesson, or a conference where students can learn and share their written output.The fourth component is the Independent Writing. This activity allows students to write independently by choosing their own topic and genre. By letting them write freely, students develop the natural habit of writing, thereby making them improve along the process. In this kind of activity, teacher evaluation is set aside in order to promote creativity. The components of Balance Based Literacy are directed toward a common goal: to ensure effective strategy in teaching literacy. They support basic literacy theories introduced in the past such as the constructivist, interactive, and experiential theories.Encompassing these theories, Balance Based Literacy may be viewed as a holistic approach to literacy instruction. Taking from the behaviorist theory of B. F. Skinner, the Constructivism theory believes that all knowledge is constructed through a process of reflective abstraction (Huitt, 2003). In the constructivist classroom, the learner is presented with opportunities to construct new knowledge in addition to prior knowledge and experience. In particular, Reading Aloud and Shared Writing support this theory. As students read and write aloud, they learn new sounds and vocabulary, and benefit from the sharing done by their classmates.Interactive Reading and Writing anchor on the Interactive theory. This theory believes tha t learning is best attained through interaction with others. As discussed above, during Interactive Reading and Writing, students are given the opportunity to listen to other’s ideas. All the components mentioned above support the experiential theory. This theory purports that learning will best occur through individual experience. By asking students to read and write aloud, express ideas in interactive activities, and read and write on their own, teachers promote experiential learning as the very basis of their instruction.Although many educators believe in the effectiveness of Balance Based Literacy Instruction, some authors see disadvantages in its application. For instance, Wren (n. d. ) suggests that the needs of the learners must be the first consideration when designing an appropriate program of instruction. He claims that instruction should be patterned to the needs of the learners and not specific of one approach or a balance of many approaches. Another issue regardi ng application of Balance Based Literacy is the specific focus it gives on reading and writing.This tends to neglect other skills such as speaking and listening, which are also important aspects of literacy. To mitigate problems arising from this neglect, the teacher should incorporate speaking and listening resources as tools for reading and writing instruction. For example, instead of focusing on printed materials, guided writing could use listening resources as motivation activities. Furthermore, technological resources should likewise be used to promote a holistic approach. Conclusion Balance Based Literacy has been considered by many as an ideal program to teach literacy.Given its whole rounded and comprehensive approach to reading and writing, it purports not just base learning but mastery of skills in the target areas. In addition, the activities it introduces provide a way to monitor the progress of students, and allow them to experience learning in various ways. Studies val idating the effectiveness of Balance Based Literacy have found its applicability to young learners. However, not much has been said about its applicability to adult learners who are more in need of a balanced instruction.In this regard, it is highly recommended to conduct research on the applicability of the said program of instruction among adult learners. References Balance overview. (n. d. ) Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://projectcentral. ucf. edu/Past%20Initiatives/BALANCE/index. html Dorothy S. Strickland (n. d. ) Balanced Literacy: Teaching the Skills and thrills of reading. http://teacher. scholastic. com/professional/teachstrat/balanced. htm Frey, Bruce B. , Steve W. Lee, Nona Tollefson &Lisa Pass. (2004). Balanced literacy in an urban school district. Retrieved 17 March 2008, from http://people. ku. edu/~bfrey/balancedliteracy.pdf Kolb, David A. , Richard E. Boyatzis & Charalampos Mainemelis. Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions. Retrieve d March 20, 2008, from http://www. learningfromexperience. com/images/uploads/experiential-learning-theory. pdf Literacy collaborative: Our purpose. (n. d. ) Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://www. literacycollaborative. org/about/characteristics/ Martha Manson French, M. (1999). Planning for literacy instruction: Guidelines for planning and instruction for literacy. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://clercdev. gallaudet. edu/cc/Products/Sharing-Ideas/planning/guidelines.html Root, Cathy (n. d. ) Balanced : Reading and writing in the first and second grade classroom an internet-based treasure hunt on balanced literacy. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from http://www. swlauriersb. qc. ca/english/edservices/pedresources/balancedlit/balancedliteracy. htm Thelen, Jeff. (n. d. ). A balanced literacy program for the upper elementary grades. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://curriculum. edenpr. org/~jthelen/languagearts/a_balanced_literacy_program. htm Wren, Sebastian. (n. d. ) What do es a balanced literacy approach mean? Retrieved from http://www. sedl. org/reading/topics/balanced. html

Van Hoc Anh

The Nightingale and the Rose | | The Nightingale and the Rose – Oscar Wilde Note: please take time to read the actual story before reading this analysis. There can be multiple interpretations for any one text and everyone's opinions differ. This analysis is meant as a guide only. Links to text: on ZYLite online-literature. com A readable but tragic story at first glance, this particular story has deeper themes which mock people in society for being pretentious. A large part of the story is set in the garden with its animals and plants, and that sets the background for the ending. It is useful to take note of first impressions when reading a text. In this case the notable first impression is the concept of sacrificing a life for love. The nightingale went through suffering and sacrificed her life for the sake of love – the concept of true love. This is an allegory to the biblical concept of sacrificial love. The allegory is the first hint, further reading of the story reveals that the language used, parallels that used in the bible. The language is simple and friendly-reading for children, but yet note the nightingale's description of the lover and love, that she describes his hair and his lips as similar to beautiful plants like roses, and even says â€Å"his lips are sweet as honey†. For those who know, this is familiar language because it is derived from Song of Solomon in the bible. The statement which represents the theme of the story â€Å"†¦ for Love is wiser than Philosophy, though she is wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty. This is another statement that alludes to the language of the bible, this time from the book of Proverbs – that philosophy is referred to as â€Å"she†, and power is referred to as â€Å"he† (see below for more detailed references). What does Oscar Wilde want to convey from these hints in form of the story? Take a closer look at the statement – the nightingale claims love to be favoured over philosophy and power, but at the end Wilde uses symbolism to contradict this very statement. The rose represents love, but it was tragically thrown on the road to be rolled over by cart wheels. Sadly it is people in society who value philosophy and power more than they value love. (the student went back to valuing philosophy over love after his attempt failed, and the professor's daughter valued power in the shape of the Chamberlain's nephew) The ending of the story becomes a mockery of how society behaved at that time – that society claims to follow biblical doctrine, but only so on the surface. People in society were hypocritical enough to claim to follow Christian doctrine, but miss the meaning of true love. When practical considerations come in, a lot of people are self-interested and merely use speech to give the appearance that they possess good virtues. One last interesting note.. it is ironic that the student thinks that art has â€Å"no sincerity† and is â€Å"selfish† – but sadly that was how art was perceived in Victorian times. The field of knowledge was seen as a more worthwhile personal pursuit and it was in society's self-interest to study that to gain renown.

Tda 2.1 Transitions Essays

Tda 2.1 Transitions Essays Tda 2.1 Transitions Essay Tda 2.1 Transitions Essay TRANSITIONS A transition is any significant stage or experience in the life of a child or young person that has a bearing on their behaviour and/or development. TRANSITONS: Emotional Intellectual Physiological Physical Children and young people naturally pass through a number of stages as they grow and develop. Often being expected to be able cope with these changes. Some children may have to face very particular and personal transitions not necessarily shared or understood by their peers subsequently it is important to understand a child or young person in context of their life. Being able to recognise and understand the impact of any transition is vital as is recognising the role of parents and carers in supporting children and young people at points of transition. At these points all parties involved with the child or young person must understand the need for reassurance, advice and support. SKILLS IDENTIFY TRANSITIONS: Listen to concerns Recognise/take account of signs of change in attitude/behaviour Build honest and open relationships Always take into account age, development, family culture and background Manage in a timely manner Help to reach a positive outcome PROVIDE SUPPORT: Empathise Communicate simple, reassuring messages Reassure children, young people, parents and/or carers Explain what is happening Explore/Examine possible actions/ways to deal with new or challenging situations Identify opportunities to discuss the effects and results of transition Work within your own limitations Make effective links with other professionals if necessary Where appropriate, illustrate the benefits of transition KNOWLEDGE Recognise how children and young people respond to change Consider issues of identity Be aware of possible signs of transition Know the likely impact of key transitions Understand that additional support may be required when dealing with children/young people with disabilities or special education needs Know when to seek specialist advice Recognise the influence of peer groups and how this may vary according to culture WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE: Know about: Organisational procedures Relevant legal frameworks Appropriate referral routes Local resources Understand your own role and its limitations as well as the importance of providing care and support

Catalysts Definition and How They Work

Catalysts Definition and How They Work A catalyst is a chemical substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction by altering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed. This process is called catalysis. A catalyst is not consumed by the reaction and it may participate in multiple reactions at a time. The only difference between a catalyzed reaction and an uncatalyzed reaction is that the activation energy is different. There is no effect on the energy of the reactants or the products. The ΔH for the reactions is the same.​ How Catalysts Work Catalysts permit an alternate mechanism for the reactants to become products, with a lower activation energy and different transition state. A catalyst may allow a reaction to proceed at a lower temperature or increase  the reaction rate  or selectivity. Catalysts often react with reactants to form intermediates that eventually yield the same reaction products and regenerate the catalyst. Note that the catalyst may be consumed during one of the intermediate steps, but it will be created again before the reaction is completed. Positive and Negative Catalysts (Inhibitors) Usually when someone refers to a catalyst, they mean a positive catalyst, which is a catalyst that  speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy. There are also negative catalysts or inhibitors, which slow the rate of a chemical reaction or make it less likely to occur. Promoters and Catalytic Poisons A promoter is a substance that increases the activity of a catalyst. A catalytic poison is a substance that inactivates a catalyst. Catalysts in Action Enzymes are reaction-specific biological catalysts. They react with a substrate to form an unstable intermediate compound. For example, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction:H2CO3(aq) ⇆ H2O(l) CO2(aq)The enzyme allows the reaction to reach equilibrium more quickly. In the case of this reaction, the enzyme makes it possible for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood and into the lungs so it can be exhaled.Potassium permanganate is a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and water. Adding potassium permanganate increases the temperature of the reaction and its rate.Several transition metals can act as catalysts. A good example of platinum in the catalytic converter of an automobile. The catalyst makes it possible to turn toxic carbon monoxide into less toxic carbon dioxide. This is an example of heterogeneous catalysis.A classic example of a reaction that doesnt proceed at an appreciable rate until a catalyst is added is that between hydrogen g as and oxygen gas. If you mix the two gases together, nothing much happens. However, if you add heat from a lighted match or a spark, you overcome the activation energy to get the reaction started. In this reaction, the two gases react to produce water (explosively).H2 O2 ↔ H2O The combustion reaction is similar. For example, when you burn a candle, you overcome the activation energy by applying heat. Once the reaction starts, heat released from the reaction overcomes the activation energy needed to allow it to proceed.

Obama signs order on minimum wage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obama signs order on minimum wage - Assignment Example This move would be of great assistance for these citizens as it would improve their income annually and improve the economy of the country. Even though, this order has been positively accepted by the masses, it has also received negative criticism. Economists have argued that this implementation would harm the economy rather than bringing any benefit. They believe that employers and large firms would reduce the number of employees to cope up with the rising salaries and thus lead to unemployment. This would be a blow to the economy as unemployment rates would raise and dissatisfaction amongst the common man would increase. Though economists have presented their views and fears, but this decision taken by the President is a very bold one which is for the betterment of the Americans. It aims to improve the pay scale of the workers and to improve the income of the poor households. The bill would achieve its desired result if it is implemented with effective policies and a strong check is kept on the

Computer Ethics-Cyberbullying Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Ethics-Cyberbullying - Thesis Example It is defined as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others† (Owens, 2010). Cyber bullying involves using technology, such as cell phones and the Internet, to harass another person. Cyberbullying is more dangerous than traditional bullying for the following reasons: (1) it is location independent; (2) it offers the ability to bully without a face-to-face confrontation (Meech, 2007); (3) it is difficult to trace or discover because of problems in identification; (4) it can be rapidly scaled to a large audience in a short time; and (5) there are neither codes of conduct nor procedures currently in place to deal with it (Owens, 2010). Cyberbullying is more unethical because as the world evolves, technology has become pervasive and a key component of our continued existence as a cohesive society. It is difficult to envision lives being lived without cyber-interaction especially among the youth. It is therefore vital for people to practice respect of each other in the virtual community just as much as in the physical world. Cyberbullying breaks this communal respect that is being nurtured online. Today’s youth need to be taught that even when no one can see what they are doing online, their actions affect other people. Furthermore, even if they can’t see those results, they need to know that the consequences are not only present and real but can also be catastrophic. A good example of cyber-bullying is the Amanda Marcuson case (Harmon, 2004). Amanda, a new eighth-grade student, reported her classmates for stealing her pencil case. But at the end of the day when she went home, the girls that she had reported begun sending her insulting instant messages on her home computer. Amanda’s mother took her away from the computer to watch a basketball game with the rest of

Week 2 application 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Week 2 application 6330 - Assignment Example A Family nurse practitioner pays special care towards family dynamic and generally assesses how illness affects families (University of Cincinnati, 2013). As Nurse practitioners FNP, nurses dedicate a great amount of time in providing medical services to the community. It is their duty to get directly involved in carrying out treatment and diagnosis procedures making them a fundamental part of care and recovery. Their direct linkage to patients by diagnosing, treating, and prescribing drugs is what makes it very important for them to be proficient in pharmacology. I studied the efficiency of the FNP curriculum by using the table 13.1 provided by Keating (2011) as the baseline and the analysis was as below. The nursing college at University of Cincinnati offers post graduate programs such as the FNP at the campus and online. One can choose to either enroll to the online classes or can visit the institution and carryout a face-to-face registration with the admissions team. In this report, I am mainly going to focus on the online FNP program, which has six semesters done in autumn, summer, and spring for two years. The seventeen courses included in the curriculum include courses such as Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology, pharmacology for advanced nursing practice, and theoretical basis for clinical reasoning. There are also three seminars and three practicum courses, which are taken within the final two years of pursuing the program. The curriculum itself has The curriculum offered by University of Cincinnati (UC) nursing college recognizes that as a nurse earning an MSN is supposed to be an enhancing process rather than a rebuilding process. The curriculum at UC nursing college is designed to enhance nurses’ skills and prepare them for greater roles in their medical field. The Institution understands that the preparation is key towards a successful and intuitive curriculum. This

Ikea Essay Example for Free

Ikea Essay Ltd. is a furniture operations company that offers â€Å"quick assembly† furniture with 15% lower price than its competitors. IKEA’s success brought imitators, such as Sears. In order to analyze IKEA’s competitive position in the Canadian Furniture Industry as well as Sears competitive threat, a model of competitive rivalry was used. IKEA and Sears both compete against each other in multiple markets across Canada, they both have market commonality and resource similarity. The Sears catalogue has almost the same format of an IKEA catalogue, and they both offer knock-down, self-assembled line products which allows the customers to create particular designs. In addition, the price for Elements’ products in Sears seemed almost identical to IKEA prices. They both go closely to the supplier in marketing, research, design and development, production standards and production planning. Some of the suppliers of the Elements line for Sears were from Sweden, which is the same as IKEA, but it didn’t show that they had any suppliers in common. It’s evidently that both of the market commonality and resource similarity are very high between those two companies. The market commonality and resource similarity can influence the drivers of competitive behaviour. The awareness of IKEA to recognize the degree of imitation by Sears is very high. High awareness enables IKEA to understand the consequences of Sears’ actions and responses. IKEA has a high motivation to respond Sears’s imitation. In order to protect IKEA’s position in the furniture market, IKEA has a philosophy to dealing with the copyright. IKEA would like to make a new model to replace the stole one rather than bring a lawsuit. Furthermore, IKEA has the ability to attack or respond to Sears’ actions. Since they both hold the similar resources, the ability to attack and respond is similar. IKEA should consider all important issues before taking action or respond to Sears. First-mover incentives, organizational size, and quality are the three factors that IKEA may take action to its competitors. As a first mover, IKEA’s business approach was fundamentally different from the traditional Canadian retailers. IKEA focus on â€Å"quick assembly† furniture and allow the customers assembled at home. Due to this reason, its price is 15% below the lowest prices for traditional furniture. The size of IKEA Canada is relatively small than Sears. The smaller size enables IKEA to launch competitive actions to defend their market position. The quality of IKEA’s product can be guaranteed. As one of the competitive strategy, IKEA had nearly 100 production engineers to assist suppliers in every way to low costs, introduce new technology, and design. The company has a philosophy to â€Å"create a better everyday life for the majority of people. † In order to defend its market position, IKEA may response Sears’ imitation in the following ways. IKEA may implement some strategic action, such as new innovation, to replace the stolen model from Sears. IKEA may lower its price, always by 10 to 15 percent on a particular item, than Sears. If IKEA can’t do it, IKEA may just drop the item and select some other one, to compete against Sears. Sears is one of Canada’s largest merchandising operations, and offering a wide range of medium price and quality goods. IKEA can predict that Sears with relatively lower market dependence are less likely to respond strongly to attacks threatening their market position.

The Bush Stimulus Package :: Essays Papers

The Bush Stimulus Package President Bush has just unveiled his new $674 billion economic stimulus package. The Democrats, although they have little chance of getting it passed in the GOP-controlled Senate, have countered with a plan of their own, with a much lower tab of $136 billion. The centerpiece of the Bush plan is arguably the elimination of the tax on dividends paid by shareholders, which makes up a hefty $364 billion of the entire sum. The reasoning is that it is unfair to tax corporate earnings once and then again tax them when they are paid out as dividends to shareholders. However, the president’s logic is faulty in that there are many instances of so-called double taxation in our society. For example, when one earns a dollar as part of one’s income, it is taxed and then it is taxed again in the form of sales tax when the dollar is spent. Another criticism lodged at the White House is that the repeal of the dividends tax benefits the wealthy in a disproportionate manner. Democrats charge that the wealthiest one percent of Americans would stand to gain over forty percent of the benefits. This is partly due to the fact that the wealthiest generally receive the greatest percentage of their income from dividends. Analysts say Mr. Bush is trying to appeal to the new â€Å"investor class†, which now includes the majority of Americans. Interestingly enough, senior citizens and retirees comprise a significant portion of stockholders who collect on dividends. That is what allows George W. Bush to claim that repeal of dividends tax is designed to benefit seniors, when wealthy investors will reap the most reward. The purpose, in theory at least, of ending double taxation is to put more money in the hands of investors, and to encourage more Americans to invest in the ailing stock market, which is now near an all-time low. Another beneficial effect will be to encourage large corporations to pay dividends, thus giving more money to Americans. If this money goes towards consumption and private and capital investment, the economy will inevitably get a much-needed boost, since GDP=C+I+G+X. In addition to elimination of dividend taxation, the Bush plan proposes to make the 2001 tax cuts permanent. Again, one can argue that the wealthy are the primary beneficiaries of Mr. Bush’s tax cuts. But part of the problem stems from inherent inequities in the tax code.

Marriott Case

Marriott Corporation: The Cost of Capital Executive Summary J. Willard Marriott started Marriott Corporation in 1927 with a root beer stand, expanding it into a leading lodging and food service company with sales of over $6 billion by 1987. At the time, Marriott had three main lines of business, lodging, contract services and restaurants, with lodging generating about 51% of company’s profits. The four key elements of Marriott’s financial strategy were managing hotel assets rather than owning, investing in projects with the goal of increasing shareholder value, optimizing the use of debt, and repurchasing their undervalued shares.Marriott Corporation relied on measuring the opportunity cost of capital for investments by utilizing the concept of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). In April 1988, VP of project finance, Dan Cohrs suggested that the divisional hurdle rates at the company would have a key impact on their future financial and operating strategies. Marrio tt intended to continue its growth at a fast pace by relying on the best opportunities arising from their lodging, contract services and restaurants lines of businesses.To make the company managers more involved in its financial strategies, Marriott also considered using the hurdle rates for determining the incentive compensations. What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Marriott Corporation? WACC = (1 – ? )rD(D/V) + rE(E/V) D = market value of debt E = market value of equity V = value of the firm = D + E rD = pretax cost of debt rE = after tax cost of debt ? = tax rate = 175. 9/398. 9 = 44% Cost of Equity Target debt ratio is 60%; actual is 41% [Exhibit 1] ?s = 1. 11 ?u = ? s / (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) = 1. 11/(1 + (1 – . 44) (. 41)) = 0. 80 Using the target debt ratio of 60%: Ts = ? u (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) = . 8(1 + (1 – . 44) (. 6/. 4)) ?Ts =1. 47 Using CAPM: rf = 8. 95% long-term rate on U. S. government bonds (rm – rf) = 7. 43% a verage 1926-1987 rE = rf + ? Ts (rm – rf) = 8. 95% + (1. 47)(7. 43%) = 19. 87% Cost of Debt rD = government bond rate + credit spread = 8. 95% + 1. 30% = 10. 25% WACC = (1 – ? )rD(D/V) + rE(1 – D/V) = (1 – . 44) (. 1025)(. 6) + (. 1987)(. 4) = 11. 39% If Marriott used a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its line of business, what would happen to the company over time? WACC for Marriott= 11. 39%WACC for lodging division = 9. 25% WACC for restaurant division = 13. 84% WACC for Marriott’s contract division = 23. 07% The main use of the hurdle rates is to assess investment decision in order to determine if it’s reasonable. Using different rates for different division is also good, but one has to be careful when applying a single cost of capital across the various departments. Based on the WACCs stated above for the company and its various departments it’s obvious that the values are different. The cost of capital for lodging is lower than for the entire company, while that of the other departments are higher.We can equate the cost of capital with risk, so therefore the risk in the lodging department is lower when compared with other departments that have a higher WACC. If Marriott was to use a single corporate hurdle rate then they will be using the 11. 39% rate which is for the entire company. By Marriott using this rate, then any project that arises out of the lodging division will be rejected since its cost of capital of 9. 25% is lower than the cost of capital for the company. Using a higher rate will result in a negative NPV as well as a reduced cash flow.Projects from the restaurant and contract service division will be approved since they are evaluated at a lower rate than the determined cost of these various divisions. Over time, Marriott will be approving more high risk project from the restaurant and contract service division by evaluating them at a lower rate, while they will be rejecting lower risk projects from the lodging division because they are using a higher rate. In summary, the risk that Marriott will be assuming will increase over time as it continues to approve high risk projects. What is the WACC for the lodging division of Marriott? |Market Value Leverage | | |Unlevered | | |D/V |Beta |Tax Rate |Beta | | | |? s |? |= ? s / (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) | |Hilton |14. 00 |0. 76 |44. 00 |0. 70 | |Holiday |79. 00 |1. 35 |44. 00 |0. 43 | |La Quinta |69. 00 |0. 9 |44. 00 |0. 40 | |Ramada |65. 00 |1. 36 |44. 00 |0. 67 | |Total | | | | | |Average Unlevered Beta |0. 55 | | | ?u = 0. 55 Cost of Equity Using the target debt ratio of 74%: ?Ts = ? u (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) ?Ts = . 55 (1 + (1 – . 44)(. 74/. 26)) ?Ts = 1. 427 Using CAPM: rE = rf + ? Ts (rm – rf) = 8. 5% + 1. 427(7. 43%) = 19. 55% Cost of Debt rD = government bond rate + credit spread = 8. 95% + 1. 10% = 10. 05% WACC = (1 – ? )rD(D/V) + rE(E/V) = (1 â⠂¬â€œ . 44)(. 1005)(. 74) + (. 1955)(. 26) = 9. 25% What is the WACC for the restaurant division Marriott? | |Market Value Leverage | | |Unlevered | | |D/V |Beta |Tax Rate |Beta | | | |? s |? |= ? s / (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) | |Church’s |4. 0 |1. 45 |44. 00 |1. 42 | |Collins Foods |10. 00 |1. 45 |44. 00 |1. 37 | |Frisch’s |6. 00 |0. 57 |44. 00 |0. 55 | |Luby’s |1. 00 |0. 76 |44. 00 |0. 76 | |McDonald’s |23. 00 |0. 94 |44. 00 |0. 81 | |Wendy’s |21. 0 |1. 32 |44. 00 |1. 15 | |Total | | | | | |Average Unlevered Beta |1. 01 | | | ?u = 1. 01 Cost of Equity Using the target debt ratio of 42%: ?Ts = ? u (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) =1. 01(1 + (1 – . 44)*. 42/. 58) = 1. 420 Using CAPM: rE = rf + ? Ts (rm – rf) = 8. 95% + 1. 42(7. 43%) = 19. 50% Cost of Debt rD = government bond rate + credit spread 8. 95% + 1. 80% = 10. 75% WACC = (1 – ? )rD(D/V) + rE(1 – D/V) = (1 – . 44)(. 1075)(. 42) + (. 1950)(. 58) = 13. 84% What is the WACC for Marriott’s contract services division? ?u for Marriott is the weighted average of the Divisional ? u’s: | |Identifiable Assets |Ratio |Beta Unlevered | |Lodging |$2,777. 4 |0. 61 |0. 55 | |Restaurants |$567. 60 |0. 12 |1. 01 | |Contract Services |$1,237. 0 |0. 27 | | | |$4,582. 70 | |0. 80 | .61(. 55) + . 12(1. 01) + . 27(? u) = . 80 ?u = 2. 514 Cost of Equity Using the target debt ratio of 40%: ?Ts = ? u (1 + (1 – ? ) D/E) = 2. 514 (1 + (1 – . 44) (. 4/. 6)) = 3. 45 Using CAPM: rE = rf + ? Ts (rm – rf) = 8. 95% + 3. 45(7. 43%) = 34. 58% Cost of Debt rD = government bond rate + credit spread rD = 8. 95% + 1. 40% = 10. 35% WACC = (1 – ? )rD(D/V) + rE(E/V) = (1 – . 44)(. 1035)(. 4) + (. 3458)(. 6) = 23. 07%

Others vs. leaders Essay

To further test why there was a difference in the above results, t-test was further conducted between the two groups to identify the items where there are possible differences between the two groups under study. B. 1. Leadership, Item 1: There was no significant difference between the Leadership mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group. This means that as far as the Leadership indicators were concerned the two groups could be considered as belonging to the same population, Table 4. Table 4. T-Test Results of Leadership Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance. Leadership 3. 805 4. 186 -1. 68 p=0. 10n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) This implied that although the respondents belonged to different echelons in the organization studied, as far as the Leadership, Item 1, measures are concerned; the Junior Officers and the Senior Officers perform at the same level. B. 2. Strategic Planning, Item 2: The t-test showed there was no significant difference between mean scores of the two groups suggesting uniformity in perception as far as the indicators of strategic planning were concerned, Table 5. Table 5. T-Test Results of Strategic Planning Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Strategic Planning 3. 852 4. 19 -1. 13 p=0. 265n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 3. Customer and Market Focus, Item 3: The t-test on comparing the mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group showed a significant difference between the two groups with the Leaders Group considerably had higher mean score, Table 6. Table 6. T-Test Results of Customer and Market Focus Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Customer and Market Focus 2. 708 3. 143 -2. 09 p=0. 043 * n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 4. Measurement, Analyses and Knowledge Management, Item 4: There is no significant difference between the Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group, Table 7. Table 7. T-Test Results of Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management 3. 795 3. 531 0. 64 p=0. 527n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 5. Human Resource Focus, Item 5: There is no significant difference between the Human Resource Focus mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group, Table 8. Table 8. T-Test Results of Human Resource Focus Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Human Resource Focus 3. 217 3. 35 -0. 55 p=0. 587n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 6. Process Management, Item 6: There is no significant difference between the Process Management mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group. Table 9. T-Test Results of Process Management Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance. Process Management 3. 772 3. 819 -0. 24 p=0. 813n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 7. Business Results, Item 7: There is significant difference between the Business Results mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group. The Others and the Leaders Group differed in their responses for Business Results. The Leaders Group had higher responses for these types of questions, Table 10. Table 10. T-Test Results of Business Results Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group. Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Business Results 2. 245 2. 926 -2. 23 p=0. 031* n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis: mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 8. Implications of the t-test Results The t-test conducted revealed significant difference between the two groups on two items, namely Customer and Market Focus, Item 3 and Business Results, Item 7. According to the Baldrige Criteria, the Customer and Market Focus Category, Item 3, â€Å"examines how the organization determines requirements, needs, expectations, and preferences of customers and markets. Also examined is how the organization builds relationships with customers and determines the Key Factors that lead to customer acquisition and satisfaction, loyalty and retention, and to business expansion and sustainability. † We take note that this concern is a concern essentially external to the organization but defines the rationale or importance of the organization to the bigger society through which the organization was dedicated in serving. In the military service, the â€Å"customer and market† are presumably not only the men and women in the service but the public at large and all its agencies. It could be expected that the top echelon of the military leadership surveyed in the study were concerned not only with how the organization works but whether the expectations of its function to serve the public at large were being met. Another item which showed significant difference with the Leaders Group scoring higher than the Others Groups is Business Results, Item 7. Based from the Baldrige indicators, this item is customer-oriented and measures performance geared at satisfying the â€Å"customer† as well as performance in the â€Å"marketplace†. In other words, this item is concerned with results which would accomplish the mandate or mission of the organization. Again, we take note that this item is external to the organization which leads us to a possible explanation for such a result. The differences between the two groups suggested that there was a sort of a transformation in perception of officers as they go up in the hierarchy. This support the earlier observation that positions in the organization may have its own requirements given its functions which shape the perception or point of view of those occupying such positions. C. Excerpt from the Correlation Matrix for the Leaders Group To further probe into the nature of the difference of point of views or priorities between the two groups, cross-correlation between the items were conducted on the Leader Group. The results revealed a negative or inverse correlation between Strategic Planning, Item 2, and Customer Market Focus, Item 3; whereas, a positive correlation between Strategic Planning, Item 2 and Process Management, Item 6, Table 11. Table 11. Excerpt from the Correlation Matrix for Leaders Strategic Planning Item 2. Customer and Market Focus, Item 3 -0. 811 0. 027 Process Management, Item 6 0. 955 0. 001 Cell Contents: Pearson correlation p-Value These results further showed us some trends which were not shown in the cross correlation test conducted for the Others Group. That is, for leaders in key positions, the concern is satisfying the goals and achieving the results and the details like strategy become a lesser concern. Arguably, the top echelon of the military leadership has the whole organization working under its wings which would deliver and perform. Specifics, then have to be largely delegated to the Junior Officers. The positive correlation between strategy and process management suggested that top leadership in the case of the respondents surveyed in this study, likewise did not bother much with the details of certain processes possibly as in the case of strategy relegating the meticulous tasks to Junior Officers. Again, this supported the previous trend of position based perspectives suggesting opposing point views may be due to position occupied.